MOQA supports tracking of data and their distributions throughout computations, based on the notion of random bag preservation. This allows a unified approach to average-case time analysis, and resolves fundamental bottleneck problems in the area. The main techniques are illustrated in an accompanying Flash tutorial, where the visual nature of this method can provide new teaching ideas for algorithms courses. This volume, with forewords by Greg Bollella and Dana Scott, presents novel programs based on the new advances in this area, including the first randomness-preserving version of Heapsort. Programs are provided, along with derivations of their average-case time, to illustrate the radically different approach to average-case timing. The automated static timing tool applies the Modular Calculus to extract the average-case running time of programs directly from their MOQA code. A Modular Calculus for the Average Cost of Data Structuring is designed for a professional audience composed of researchers and practitioners in industry, with an interest in algorithmic analysis and also static timing and power analysis—areas of growing importance. It is also suitable as an advanced-level text or reference book for students in computer science, electrical engineering and mathematics. Michel Schellekens obtained his PhD from Carnegie Mellon University, following which he worked as a Marie Curie Fellow at Imperial College London. Currently he is an Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Science in University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, where he leads the Centre for Efficiency-Oriented Languages (CEOL) as a Science Foundation Ireland Principal Investigator.